# Boundary Conditions

Every PDE is accompanied with boundary conditions. There are different types of boundary conditions, and they need to be handled in different ways. Below we discuss how to handle the most common ones, Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, and how to do it JuAFEM.

## Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

At a Dirichlet boundary the solution is prescribed to a given value. For the discrete FE-solution this means that there are some degrees of freedom that are fixed. To be able to tell which degrees of freedom we should constrain we need the DofHandler.

ch = ConstraintHandler(dh)

TBW

Examples

The following commented examples makes use of Dirichlet boundary conditions:

## Neumann Boundary Conditions

At the Neumann part of the boundary we know something about the gradient of the solution.

As an example, the following code snippet can be included in the element routine, to evaluate the boundary integral:

for face in 1:nfaces(cell)
if onboundary(cell, face) && (cellid(cell), face) ∈ getfaceset(grid, "Neumann Boundary")
reinit!(facevalues, cell, face)
dΓ = getdetJdV(facevalues, q_point)
for i in 1:getnbasefunctions(facevalues)
δu = shape_value(facevalues, q_point, i)
fe[i] += δu * b * dΓ
end
end
end
end

We start by looping over all the faces of the cell, next we have to check if this particular face is located on the boundary, and then also check that the face is located on our face-set called "Neumann Boundary". If we have determined that the current face is indeed on the boundary and in our faceset, then we reinitialize facevalues for this face, using reinit!. When reinit!ing facevalues we also need to give the face number in addition to the cell. Next we simply loop over the quadrature points of the face, and then loop over all the test functions and assemble the contribution to the force vector.

Examples

The following commented examples makes use of Neumann boundary conditions:

• TODO